Geothermal energy (geo meaning "earth" and thermal meaning "heat") is energy recovered from the heat of the earth's interior. Geothermal heat can appear in the form of volcanoes, hot springs and geysers. The high temperatures in the earth's interior are a result of heat trapped during the formation of the planet, as well as the decay of naturally occurring radioactive elements. Temperatures below the surface can reach 4,200° C, decreasing to 650 - 1200° at depths of 80km-100km. Through the deep circulation of groundwater and the intrusion of molten magma into the earth's crust at depths of only 1km-5km, the heat is brought closer to the earth's surface. The molten rock then heats the surrounding groundwater, which is forced to the surface in certain areas in the form of steam or hot water (i.e. hot springs, geysers). The heat energy close to or at the earth's surface can be utilized as a source of energy.

Using modern scientific and engineering techniques, geothermal systems may be sustained commercially for decades. The Geysers (California) and Wairakei (New Zealand) have produced electric power continuously for 40 years. The pioneering Larderello field in Italy has been productive since 1904. In fact, not a single geothermal field has been exhausted to date, although reservoir pressures and temperatures have declined slowly in response to production.

The heat source for geothermal energy comes primarily from large, magmatic systems deep in the earths crust. These are still partially molten or crystallized, but are hot igneous intrusions that yield their heat gradually over hundreds of thousands of years. As the earth cools over time, there is a constant movement of thermal energy that travels outward through highly permeable fracture zones to the surface.

Geothermal energy is classified as a renewable source of electricity. It is considered to be a clean, environmentally friendly, sustainable method of electrical power generation. The use of geothermal energy is an established method of electrical power generation with 2,000 megawatts (MW) of installed capacity in the Western United States.

The benefits of geothermal energy are far reaching. A geothermal power plant does not burn fuel; energy production is clean, and renewable. It is a base load source; therefore, geothermal plants are designed to run 24 hours a day, every day with no emissions.

The US market demand for electricity is rising, creating a growing dependency on non-renewable non-sustainable resources. Consumption of fossil fuels has produced significant environmental problems including air pollution, smog and global warming. As a result of the environmental impact, rises in the world oil price and thinning reserves the world has looked to other sources of energy that will help alleviate these issues. Geothermal energy is rapidly growing into a $1.5 billion per year industry. There are approximately 12,000 MW of direct use and over 10,715 MW of generating capacity globally.